What is a common mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications?

The common mechanism of action for antipsychotic medications is primarily their role as dopamine D2 antagonists. This means they block the D2 receptors for dopamine in the brain. By antagonizing these receptors, antipsychotics help to reduce symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions and hallucinations, which are often associated with heightened dopaminergic activity.

In many individuals with conditions like schizophrenia, there is evidence suggesting an imbalance in dopamine transmission, particularly increased activity in certain pathways. By blocking D2 receptors, antipsychotic medications can mitigate the overactivity of dopaminergic signaling, which contributes to the overall therapeutic effects seen in patients.

Additionally, while some antipsychotics may also affect other neurotransmitter systems (like serotonin) or exhibit synergistic effects through antagonism of serotonin receptors, the central role of D2 receptor antagonism remains a defining characteristic of these medications. This approach has formed the basis of much of the pharmacological treatment for psychotic disorders.